Scientific publication PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases called Chagas' new  Endemic AIDS of the Americas.  A team from the Baylor 
College of Medicine, which studies tropical diseases, believe that The 
spread of the life-threatening illness disease are similar to the way how HIV spread. The disease can be spread through blood transfusion and organ transplantation, 
ingestion of food contaminated with parasites, and from a mother to her 
fetus.
Found only in Latin America, where it causes more deaths than any other 
parasitic disease, including Malaria .Chagas disease are caused by a 
parasite that is 
transmitted to humans by the bite of insects.  
Chagas disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas (picture), 
who discovered the disease in 1909. It is caused by the parasite, the Triatomine bug or 
Trypanosoma cruzi,
 which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors and is 
found only in the Americas (mainly, in rural areas of Latin America 
where poverty is widespread). Chagas disease (
T. cruzi infection) is also referred to as American trypanosomiasis.
Chagas disease is endemic throughout much of occurs of  Latin America and so far had infected 10 million people, mostly residents of Bolivia, Mexico, Colombia and Central America. The triatomine bug thrives under poor housing conditions (for example, 
mud walls, thatched roofs), so in endemic countries, people living in 
rural areas are at greatest risk for acquiring infection. However, in the 
past decades it has been increasingly detected in the United States of 
America, Canada, many European and some Western Pacific countries. This 
is due mainly to population mobility between Latin America and the rest 
of the world. Less frequently, it is due to infection through blood 
transfusion, vertical transmission (from infected mother to child) or 
organ donation.
This has caused great alarm to many countries , This include in the United States, Chagas disease is considered one of the dangerous 
Neglected Parasitic Infections,  Its now a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action.

 CDC estimates that more than 300,000 persons with 
Trypanosoma cruzi
 infection live in the United States. Most people with Chagas disease in
 the United States acquired their infections in endemic countries. 
Although there are triatomine bugs in the U.S. , only rare vectorborne 
cases of Chagas disease have been documented. 
Roughly a quarter of the victims heart or intestines gradually grow abnormally by the diseases, which can lead to sudden death.   There is no vaccine for Chagas disease. Existing drugs are only effective at the early stage of the disease. 
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Various Triatomine Bugs in all Life Stages 
Various triatomine bugs in all life stages, from eggs to nymphs to fully grown adults. A variety of bug species, that share similar traits, are pictured.
Signs and symptoms 
Chagas disease presents itself in two phases. The initial, acute phase lasts for about two months after infection. During the acute phase, a high number of parasites circulate in the blood. In most cases, symptoms are absent or mild, but can include fever, headache, enlarged lymph glands, pallor, muscle pain, difficulty in breathing, swelling and abdominal or chest pain. In less than 50% of people bitten by a triatomine bug, characteristic first visible signs can be a skin lesion or a purplish swelling of the lids of one eye. 
During the chronic phase, the parasites are hidden mainly in the heart and digestive muscle. Up to 30% of patients suffer from cardiac disorders and up to 10% suffer from digestive (typically enlargement of the oesophagus or colon), neurological or mixed alterations. In later years the infection can lead to sudden death or heart failure caused by progressive destruction of the heart muscle.
                                                                                               PAGE FROM THE CDC
                             http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/gen_info/vectors/index.html#id
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I think I found a triatomine bug. What should I do?
Triatoma sanguisuga Photo Courtesy: James Gathany
Triatoma gerstaeckeri next to a penny for scale. Photo courtesy S. Kjos.
Triatoma protracta Photo Courtesy: James Gathany
 
 
 
Please
 do not touch or squash the bug. Place a container on top of the bug, 
slide the bug inside, and fill it with rubbing alcohol or, if not 
available, freeze the bug in the container. Then, you may take it to 
your local extension service, health department, or a university 
laboratory for species identification. In the event that none of these 
resources is available in your area, you may contact CDC’s Division of 
Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (
parasites@cdc.gov) for species identification or 
T. cruzi testing.
Any
 material containing bug parts or feces should also be submitted for 
testing, preferably in a plastic bag or clean sealable container. 
Surfaces that have come into contact with the bug should be cleaned with
 a solution made of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water (or 7 parts ethanol 
to 3 parts water)
How can I tell if the bug I’ve found is a triatomine and not another kind of bug?
There
 are many beetles and non-triatomine reduviid bugs that resemble the 
triatomine bug. Two examples of non-triatomine reduviid bugs that do not
 feed on human blood are the 
wheel bug and the 
assassin bug.
 Some plant-feeding bugs, such as Coreidae, also resemble the 
triatomine. If you are unsure if the bug you’ve found is a triatomine, 
you may wish to consult with an expert, such as an entomologist, for 
clarification.
Can I get Chagas disease from a triatomine bug?
Yes.
 However, the transmission of Chagas disease from a bug to a human is 
not easy. The parasite that causes the disease is in the bug feces. The 
bug generally defecates on or near a person while it is feeding on his 
or her blood, generally when the person is sleeping. Transmission occurs
 when fecal material gets rubbed into the bite wound or into a mucous 
membrane (for example, the eye or mouth), and the parasite enters the 
body.
It is important to note that not all triatomine bugs are 
infected with the parasite that causes Chagas disease. The likelihood of
 getting Chagas disease from a triatomine bug in the United States is 
low, even if the bug is infected.
Could I be allergic to the bite of a triatomine bug?
Romaña's
 sign, the swelling of the child's eyelid, is a marker of acute Chagas 
disease. The swelling is due to bug feces being accidentally rubbed into
 the eye, or because the bite wound was on the same side of the child's 
face as the swelling. Photo courtesy of WHO/TDR.
 
 
 
Yes.
 The saliva of certain types of triatomines can cause an allergic 
reaction in some people. An allergic reaction may be characterized by 
severe redness, itching, swelling, welts, hives, or, rarely, 
anaphylactic shock (severe allergic reaction). Persons at risk of 
anaphylactic shock should consult a physician to obtain medication to 
use in case of a bite. It is important to note that not all triatomines 
are infected with the parasite even though they may cause an allergic 
reaction.
The appearance of an allergic reaction after a triatomine bite does not mean that you have been infected with the parasite 
Trypanosoma cruzi,
 the cause of Chagas disease. The mild swelling that may develop at the 
site of parasite inoculation (where the parasite entered the body 
through the skin or mucous membranes) is called a chagoma. When the 
parasite enters the body through the conjunctiva of the eye, the 
swelling around the eye is called Romaña’s sign. Chagomas, including 
Romaña’s sign, usually last longer than an allergic reaction and are 
less likely to be severely itchy.
What do I do if I think I may have acquired Chagas disease?
If
 you suspect you have Chagas disease, consult your health care provider.
 Or, to find a physician familiar with diagnosis and treatment of Chagas
 disease and other parasitic infections, ask your general practitioner 
or primary care physician for a referral. You may wish to consider 
visiting a physician who specializes in infectious diseases. To locate a
 clinician in your area, please visit the American Society of Tropical 
Medicine and Hygiene’s 
Clinical Consultants Directory
.
